WPC ' 0(2w@Z4 m 0J 0T  0^t 0h 0r: 0| 0( 0 1u> 0d 0( 0(?UNg % AIU >B AI Q  v~ v$ ($ 4D5D6D7D8D9D:U;D<D=U(| 3|x=U2 0Indent123  2" 0Indent20 23  2, 0Indent30 0 23  26 0Indent40 0 0 23  2@ 0Indent50 0 0 0 23  2J 0Indent60 0 0 0 0 23  2T 0Indent70 0 0 0 0 0 23  2^ 0Indent80 0 0 0 0 0 0 23    ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P 8Mac DefaultMac Default ` X("$("$x  Z6Times New Roman RegularXC << G<  9p`(&Times New Roman 1 2 3 4 5C << G !   ` 'C4$ ` \! `!CQ Page    www.mfri.org !   ` !Q InstructorGuideQ InstructorNotesPtPtHH(FG(HH(d'E ȀStyl{WP}01  HH  2$HH  Geneva  <Px443!#4$*$$*$ KK  Geneva  Geneva .,6 Geneva   D2:De Geneva  D2:De Geneva ! .   !     TruckCompanyOperationsXInstructorGuide   SessionReference: 13 Topic: Ventilation LevelofInstruction: TimeRequired: 90Minutes Materials: References:` X X 0 0 TruckCompanyFiregroundOperations,SecondEdition,Chapters4and50 0 EssentialsofFireFighting,ThirdEdition,Chapter7================================================================== PREPARATION:X Motivation: Objective(SPO): 131Thestudentwilldemonstrateabasicunderstandingofventilationtheory,ventilationdecisions,methodsofventilation,andventilationtechniques. Overview: 0 Ventilation0 0 Definition0 0 Basicprinciples0 0 Naturalventilation0 0 Forcedventilation0 0 Smolderingfires`  SESSION13Q VENTILATION X` ` z hXSPO1310 Thestudentwilldemonstrateabasicunderstandingofventilationtheory,ventilationdecisions,methodsofventilating,andventilationtechniques.1310 Defineventilationanddescribetheimportanceofventilationtotheoverallfiresuppressionactivity.1320 Describeconvectioncurrentsandtheireffectonventilation.1330 Explainnaturalventilation.1340 Explainforcedventilation.1350 Describethesignsandspecialventilatingconsiderationsrelatedtosmolderingfires.,Ha"` ` ,X I.0 Definition(131) 0 A.0 Ventilationisthecontrolledremovalofsmoke,heat,andgasesandthereplacementwithfreshair.0 B.0 Ventilationcontributesdirectlytoaccomplishmentofbasicfirefightingobjectivesby0 0 1.0 Reducingdangertotrappedoccupantsandextendtimeforrescueoperations0 0 2.0 Increasingvisibilitytherebydecreasingdangerinherentinotherfiregroundoperationsandincreasingefficiency0 0 3.0 Permittingquickerandeasierentrytoallowsearchoperationsortoadvancelines0 0 4.0 Minimizingtimerequiredtolocateseatoffire0 0 5.0 Minimizingtimerequiredtofindareastowhichfirehasspread0 0 6.0 Decreasingorstoppingspreadoffire0 0 7.0 Reducingchanceofflashoverorbackdraft0 C.0 Resultsdependonsizeandtypeofoccupancyinvolved,extentandlocationoffire,andwhetherfireisfreeburningorsmoldering0 D.0 Whenproperlyperformed,ventilationincreaseseffectivenessofmostoperations0 E.0 Ventilationtechniquesrequiredoingdamagetobuilding0 F.0 Smallamountofventilationdamageresultsinlargerreductioninfiredamage0 G.0 Ventilationaidsinsavinglives II.0 BasicPrinciples(132) 0 A.0 Firetravelbyconvectionpresentsgreatestfirefightingproblem0 B.0 Smokemovesverticallyandhorizontallymushrooming0 C.0 Aseparatefiremayignitefromhotairandcombustionproductsrising0 D.0 Accumulationofhotairandcombustionproductsunderroofmustbeallowedtoescape0 E.0 Openingshouldbeunderhotairandcombustionproductaccumulation0 F.0 Accumulationonfirefloorshouldberelievedalso0 G.0 Generalruleisopenfirebuildingsothatallaccumulationsofheatandcombustionproductsleavebuildingbynaturalconvection III.0 NaturalVentilation(133) 0 A.0 Windows0 0 1.0 Whentimepermits,windowsshouldbeopened;avoidbreakingglass,ifpossible0 0 0 a.0 Doublehungwindowsshouldbeopenedtwothirdsdownfromthetopandonethirdupfromthebottom0 0 0 b.0 Openothertypesofwindowsasmuchaspossible0 0 0 c.0 Stormwindowsmustalsobeopenedorremoved0 0 0 d.0 Shades,blinds,drapes,curtains,andotherwindowcoveringsmustbemovedawayorremoved0 0 2.0 Effectsofwind0 0 0 a.0 Whenwindisafactor,windowsonleewardsideshouldbeopenedfirst0 0 0 b.0 Windowsonwindwardsideshouldthenbeopened0 0 0 c.0 Ifwindwardsideisopenedfirst,windwillchurnsmokeandgasaroundininterior0 0 3.0 Windowandroofventilation0 0 0 a.0 Whenrooforrooffeaturesmustbeopenedforventing,windowsontopfloorshouldbeopened0 0 0 b.0 Ifwindowsonseveralfloorsmustbeopened,beginattopandworkdown0 0 0 c.0 Openingwindowsfrombelowfirstmaycausefireandsmokespread0 B.0 Naturalroofopenings0 0 1.0 Inmultistorybuildings,verticalshaftscarrystairways,elevators,dumbwaiters,electricwiring,heatingducts,andplumbingandsewerpipes0 0 2.0 Shaftsextendfullheightofbuilding0 0 3.0 Convectedheat,smoke,andgaseswillrisewithinandaroundshafts0 0 4.0 Ifshaftsarenotventedattop,firewilltravelhorizontally0 0 5.0 Pressurewillforceheat,smoke,andgasesthroughoutupperpartofbuilding0 0 6.0 Shaftsarecappedatroofwithvariousclosures0 C.0 Skylights0 0 1.0 Positioningofskylightscangiveideaofbuildinglayout0 0 0 a.0 Inofficeorapartmentbuilding,rowofskylightsmostlikelylocatedovercorridor0 0 0 b.0 Inshopsorfactories,lineofskylightsoverworkarea0 0 0 c.0 Oftenlocatedoverstairways,corridors,elevatorshafts,airshafts,andbathrooms0 0 0 d.0 Bathroomcoveringsmayhavelouveredends0 0 0 e.0 Areaimmediatelybelowskylightusuallyboxedtoseparatecockloftoratticspace0 0 0 f.0 Warningshouldbegiventofirefightersbelowbeforeremovingskylights0 0 2.0 Openingskylights0 0 0 a.0 Preferredmethodofopeningskylightistoliftfromopeningortipover0 0 0 b.0 Flashingjoiningskylighttoroofmustbecutorpriedaway0 0 0 c.0 Forskylightsmountingonfoundations,flashingmustbecutorpried0 0 0 d.0 Layskylightupsidedownaswarningforfirefighters0 0 0 e.0 Ifskylightcannotbeliftedortipped,glasscanbecut0 0 0 f.0 Lessdamagedonebypeelingbackmetalstripingandslidingoutpanes0 0 0 g.0 Ifnotremovablequickly,knockglassout0 0 0 h.0 Morethanoneortwofirefightersmayberequired0 0 3.0 Plasticskylightsandroofpanels0 0 0 a.0 Mountedsameasglassskylights0 0 0 b.0 Ifskylightcannotberemoved,frameshouldbecutwhereitmeetsplastic0 0 0 c.0 Avoidsteppingonpanelsplacedinaroofandservingassimpleskylights0 0 0 d.0 Plasticpanelscanbepulledupafterroofiscutorpriedupalongedge0 0 4.0 Effectsofwindkeepbacksorsidestowind0 0 5.0 Openingbelowtheskylight0 0 0 a.0 Smokeshouldflowfreelyonceskylightisopened0 0 0 b.0 Maybeswingingtransomorpanelatceilingline0 0 0 c.0 Becarefultoavoidheatandsmokefromopening0 0 0 d.0 Cockloftmustbeventedfromopeninginroof0 0 0 e.0 Roofscuttlecanbeusedforventingroofifnotboxed0 0 0 f.0 Boxedareabelowskylightcanbeopenedforventing0 0 0 g.0 Iffireisdirectlyunderroof,makeopeningascloseoverfireassafetyallows0 D.0 Roofshuttles(hatches)placedinarooftoallowaccesstotherooffromtheinterior0 0 1.0 Openingscuttles0 0 0 a.0 Ifcoverisnotsecurelylocked,canbepriedoff0 0 0 b.0 Ifnoteasilyremovable,cutoff0 0 2.0 Openingbelowthescuttle0 0 0 a.0 Mightbeboxedtoseparatefromcockloft0 0 0 b.0 Checktoseeifscuttleisopenatceilinglevel0 0 0 c.0 Buildingand/orcockloftmaybeventedbyscuttle0 0 0 d.0 Ceilingclosuremustberemoved0 0 0 e.0 Enclosurebelowscuttlemustbeopenedtoventcockloft0 E.0 Prefireinspection0 0 1.0 Everybuildinghassomenaturalopenings0 0 2.0 Onlysurewaytoknowwhichnaturalopeningscanbeusedinfirefightingisbymakingprefireinspections0 0 3.0 Prefireinspectionssavetimeandeffortonfireground0 F.0 CuttingThroughRoofs0 0 1.0 Attimes,onlywaytoproperlyventilateiscutholeinroof0 0 0 a.0 Roofmadeofboardscanbecutwithaxe0 0 0 b.0 Roofmayofplywoodshouldbecutwithpowersaw0 0 0 c.0 Careshouldbetakennottocutjoistsorotherstructuralmembers0 0 2.0 Singlelargeholeismoreeffectivethanseveralsmallholes0 0 0 a.0 One4'X8'holehastwiceareaoffour2'X2'holes0 0 0 b.0 Allroofboardsshouldbecutthroughbeforeanypulledup0 0 0 c.0 Keepbacktowindwhenpullingboards0 0 0 d.0 Whenallboardsrippedup,makeopeninginceilingbelow0 0 3.0 Specialcareshouldbetakenwhenfireisimmediatelybelowroof0 0 0 a.0 Openroofascloseaspossibletoseatoffire0 0 0 b.0 Ifnot,firewillbedrawnacrosstopofbuildingtoopening0 0 0 c.0 Hotspotsmaydeveloponroof0 0 0 d.0 Ifroofisflat,openingshouldbemadeathotspot0 0 0 e.0 Ongabledroof,openingshouldextendfromhotspottopeak0 0 0 f.0 Draftcanbeincreasedbymakinganadditionalopeningjustabovetheeavelineonsideoppositeoriginalopening0 0 0 g.0 Careshouldbetakensothatopeningdoesnotincreasefirespread IV.0 ForcedVentilation(134) 0 A.0 Smokeejectors0 0 1.0 Cannotbeusedasasubstitutefornaturalventingtechniques0 0 0 a.0 Heat,smoke,andgasesmosteffectivelyremovedbynaturalconvectionthroughnaturalorforcedopenings0 0 0 b.0 Crewsshouldperformnaturalventilationandcarryoutothernecessaryduties0 0 0 c.0 Fansshouldnotbeusedinpartiallyorcompletelyconfinedspacesinwhichthereisfire0 0 0 d.0 Maybeusedinconfinedareasafterfirehasbeenknockeddown0 0 2.0 Fanplacement0 0 0 a.0 Mosteffectivewhenplacedwheretheytendtoincreasenaturalairflow0 0 0 b.0 Whenfansarepositionedinwindowsordoorways,allshades,drapes,blinds,curtains,andscreensshouldberemoved0 0 0 c.0 Ifpossible,openareaaroundfanshouldbeclosedtoincreasefanefficiencybydirectingairthroughopeningandpreventingsmokefromreentering0 0 0 d.0 Becarefulnottoexhaustsmokeintocongestedareasorintoheatingandcoolingintakes0 0 3.0 Fansintandem0 0 0 a.0 Canbeespeciallyeffectivewhenusedinpairs0 0 0 b.0 Placeonefannearanoutsideopeningblowingsmokeoutandotherinsideroomtoblowsmoketofirstfan0 0 0 c.0 Fanscanbeusedtoexhaustsmokeanddrawinfreshairatsametime0 0 0 d.0 Exhaustfanshouldbemountedhighinventopening0 0 0 e.0 Intakefanshouldbelower0 B.0 Positivepressureblowers0 0 1.0 Introduction0 0 0 a.0 Freshairintroducestoincreasepressure0 0 0 b.0 Selectiveprocessofopeningandclosingdoorsandwindows0 0 0 c.0 Initiatedoutsidestructure0 0 0 d.0 Haspotentialofmovingfireandfiregases0 0 0 e.0 Generallyspeaking,initiatedbetweenfirefightersandfireorbetweenfireandtrappedvictims0 0 2.0 Advantagesofpositivepressureventilation0 0 0 a.0 Canmaintainprimaryandsecondaryegressroutes0 0 0 b.0 Doesnotrequireexplosionprooffans0 0 0 c.0 Canbeinitiatedfromexteriorofbuilding0 0 0 d.0 Effectiveonallstructureswhendoorsandwindowsmaintained0 0 0 e.0 Doesnotrequiresmokeandfiregasestopassthroughfan0 0 0 f.0 Quickerthannegativeventilation0 0 0 g.0 Airvelocitywithinbuildingincreased0 0 0 h.0 Workswellinlargeareas0 0 3.0 Fanplacement0 0 0 a.0 Placefanfarenoughawayfromdoortofillopeningwithconeofair0 0 0 b.0 Stackingfansincreasesvolumegreatly0 0 0 c.0 Foroversizeddoors,placefanssidebysideorintandem0 0 0 d.0 Forsinglefan,place6to10'fromdoorway0 0 0 e.0 Formultiplefans,place3to5'fromdoorway0 0 4.0 Workingwithpositivepressure0 0 0 a.0 Ventilationcriticaltooveralloperation0 0 0 b.0 Mustidentifylocationoffire0 0 0 c.0 Placepressurezonetosupportrescueorfireattack0 0 0 d.0 Takecarenottodestroyintegrityofdoorsandwindows0 0 5.0 Specialsituations0 0 0 a.0 Highrisebuildings0 0 0 b.0 Heavierthanairgasesandbelowgradeconditions0 0 0 c.0 Confinedspace0 0 0 d.0 Emergenciesinvolvingtemperatures0 C.0 Fogstreams0 0 1.0 Canbeusedtostartventingimmediatelyafterfirehasbeenknockeddown0 0 2.0 Tobemosteffective,streamshouldbepositionedsofogpatterncoversmostofwindowopening0 0 3.0 Holdnozzlefewfeetinsidewindow0 0 4.0 Observesmokemovementtodetermineproperpositionofnozzle0 0 5.0 Fogstreamsshouldnotbeusedforventingiftheydamage0 0 a.0 Itemsremovedforprotection0 0 b.0 Outsideoffirebuildingorenteradjourningbuildings0 0 c.0 Insideofroomfromwhichdirected0 0 6.0 Theyshouldnotcauseicetoformoutside0 0 7.0 Shouldbeshorttermoperation0 0 NOTE:Theinstructormaywanttodiscussapplyingnaturalandforcedventilationtoparticularsituations. V.0 SmolderingFires(135) 0 A.0 Indications0 0 1.0 Muchsmokevisible,butnoopenfirecanbeseenorheard0 0 2.0 Smokerisingrapidlyfrombuilding,indicatingthatitishot0 0 3.0 Smokeleavingbuildinginpuffsoratintervals0 0 4.0 Somesmokebeingdrawnbackintobuildingaroundwindows,doors,andeaves0 0 5.0 Althoughnoflamesareshowing,windowsstainedbrownfromintenseheat0 0 6.0 Occasionally,oneormorepanesbrokenbyheat0 0 7.0 Smallrimoffirecanappeararoundedgesofbrokenglass0 0 8.0 Smolderingfirehassufficientheatandfueltobecomefreeburning0 0 9.0 Smolderingfireneedsonlyoxygentoburstintoflame0 0 10.0 Firecanbesmolderinginbuildingofanysizeortypeorinonlyoneareaoflargestructure0 B.0 Backdraft0 0 1.0 Smolderingfiremustbeventilatedbeforeitisattacked0 0 2.0 Additionofoxygentoheatandfuelwillleadtoimmediateignition0 0 3.0 Suddenignitioncantakeanyform0 0 0 a.0 Gasesandheatedcombustiblessimplyburstintoflame0 0 0 b.0 Forceofignitionmightbeenoughtoblowwindows,doors,andfirefightersoutofbuilding0 0 0 c.0 Couldbeexplosionstrongenoughtocausestructuraldamage0 C.0 Venting0 0 1.0 Anopeningmustbemadeashighonthebuildingassafelypossibletoreleasegasesandallowthemtomoveoutofstructure0 0 2.0 Differencebetweenfreeburningandsmolderingfireisthatventingmustbedonebeforeenteringstructureinsmolderingfire0 0 3.0 Naturalroofopeningscanbeusedforventilation0 0 4.0 Ifroofventingseemsparticularlydangerous,knockouttopsofhighestwindowswithladderorsolidstream0 0 5.0 Avoidapproachingbuildingdirectlytoavoidviolentexplosionapproachfromobliqueangleorparalleltobuilding0 0 6.0 Attacklinesshouldbechargedandreadyforuseduringbuildingventilation0 0 7.0 Ifthereisapossibilityofbackdraft,apparatusshouldnotbepositionedindirectlineofbuilding0 0 8.0 Onceventilated,firewillburnfreely SUMMARY:X Review: ` X X0 Ventilation0 0 Definition0 0 Basicprinciples0 0 Naturalventilation0 0 Forcedventilation0 0 Smolderingfires ` X Remotivation: Assignment: ================================================================== EVALUATION: